Chaining in ABA Therapy: Examples of Forward & Backward Chains

Key Points:

• Chaining in ABA therapy is a method used to teach complex skills by breaking them into smaller steps.
• Forward chaining teaches each step sequentially from the first to the last, while backward chaining starts with the final step.
• Both methods help children develop independence in daily tasks like dressing, handwashing, and brushing their teeth.

Imagine trying to teach your child to tie their shoes all at once—it’s overwhelming! Many daily tasks involve multiple steps, which can be difficult for children with autism. Chaining in ABA therapy simplifies learning by breaking skills into smaller, teachable parts, helping kids gain independence in a structured, supportive way.

What is Chaining in ABA Therapy?

Chaining in ABA therapy is a teaching method that breaks complex tasks into smaller, sequential steps to help individuals learn and master skills. Instead of expecting a child to complete an entire task at once, chaining allows them to focus on one step at a time, gradually building independence.

For example, instead of telling a child to “get dressed,” ABA therapists break it down into steps like:

1. Pick up the shirt.
2. Put one arm through a sleeve.
3. Put the other arm through.
4. Pull the shirt down.

How Does Forward Chaining Work?

Forward chaining teaches a task step by step, starting with the first action and progressing forward until the entire sequence is learned. The child practices the first step independently while the therapist or parent completes the remaining steps. Once the first step is mastered, the child moves on to learning the next step, and so on.

Example of Forward Chaining

Let’s say a child is learning to wash their hands using forward chaining. The sequence would look like this:

1. Turn on the faucet → The child learns this step first.
2. Wet hands → The therapist assists with the rest.
3. Apply soap
4. Scrub hands together
5. Rinse hands
6. Turn off the faucet
7. Dry hands

At first, the therapist helps with all steps except turning on the faucet. Once the child consistently completes this step, they move on to learning the next one—wetting their hands—while the therapist still assists with the rest. This process continues until the child can complete the full hand-washing routine independently.

Benefits of Forward Chaining

• Helps children learn step-by-step, reducing overwhelm.
• Reinforces correct sequencing from the beginning.
• Builds confidence gradually as they master each new step.

Forward chaining is often used for tasks where starting correctly is essential, such as preparing food or following a morning routine.

How Does Backward Chaining Work?

Backward chaining teaches a task by starting with the final step and working backward toward the beginning. The therapist completes all steps except the last one, allowing the child to experience success immediately. Over time, the child learns each previous step until they can complete the entire task independently.

Example of Backward Chaining

Imagine a child is learning how to put on socks using backward chaining. The sequence might look like this:

1. Hold the sock open → The therapist assists.
2. Place toes inside → The therapist assists.
3. Pull the sock over the heel → The therapist assists.
4. Pull sock up leg → The child completes this step independently.

Once the child masters pulling the sock up, they then learn the step before it (pulling it over the heel), continuing this process until they can put on their socks completely on their own.

Benefits of Backward Chaining

• Immediate success, boosting motivation and engagement.
• Reinforces the final outcome first, making the task feel achievable.
• Ideal for tasks where completion is most rewarding, like making a bed or tying shoes.

Backward chaining is especially effective for children who need extra encouragement and thrive on positive reinforcement after successfully completing a task.

Forward Chaining vs. Backward Chaining: When to Use Each

Both forward chaining and backward chaining are valuable teaching methods in ABA therapy. The choice between them depends on the child’s learning style, the complexity of the task, and the goal.

Forward chaining is best for tasks that follow a logical sequence, such as brushing teeth or getting dressed. It helps children learn each step in order, reinforcing the correct process from the beginning. Backward chaining is ideal for tasks where completing the final step is highly motivating. Since children experience immediate success, it works well for skills like making a bed or tying shoes.

If a child struggles with starting a task independently, forward chaining can build confidence gradually. They master one step at a time before progressing to the next. For children who need instant reinforcement, backward chaining allows them to complete the task right away. This immediate success keeps them engaged and eager to learn new steps.

Some tasks may benefit from a combination of both methods, depending on the child’s needs. ABA therapists assess each situation carefully to choose the best approach for skill development.

Real-Life Chaining ABA Example in Daily Life

Chaining is used in ABA therapy to teach essential life skills that promote independence. Here are some everyday examples where chaining can be applied:

1. Brushing Teeth (Forward Chaining)
   • Pick up a toothbrush.
   • Apply toothpaste.
   • Brush top teeth.
   • Brush bottom teeth.
   • Rinse mouth.
2. Tying Shoelaces (Backward Chaining)
   • The therapist completes the loops and tightening.
   • The child pulls the loops to secure the knot.
   • Next, the child learns to cross the laces.
   • Eventually, they master the full process.
3. Making a Sandwich (Forward Chaining)
   • Get bread.
   • Spread peanut butter.
   • Add jelly.
   • Put slices together.

By applying chaining techniques, children can gain independence in these crucial tasks, making everyday routines easier and more manageable.

Helping Your Child Learn Through Chaining

If your child struggles with multi-step tasks, chaining in ABA therapy can be a game-changer. Parents can support learning at home by:

• Breaking tasks into smaller steps and teaching them sequentially.
• Using visual schedules to reinforce the steps.
• Providing reinforcement after successful completion of a step.
• Being patient and allowing time for skill mastery.

By consistently practicing and reinforcing chained skills, children can gain greater confidence and independence in their daily lives.

Partner with Lighthouse for Expert ABA Therapy

Mastering life skills is essential for children with autism, and chaining in ABA therapy is one of the most effective ways to teach them. Whether your child needs support with self-care, social skills, or academics, structured learning through forward and backward chaining can make a lasting difference.

At Lighthouse, we specialize in personalized ABA therapy tailored to your child’s unique needs. Our team of experienced professionals is committed to helping children gain independence and confidence in their everyday routines.

We proudly serve families in New York City and surrounding areas. Contact us today to learn how ABA therapy can help your child build essential life skills through structured, effective learning methods!